For supplying additional arguments, use a command of `start-qemu <args>`. For example, to use `-curses`, one would `docker run ... tianon/qemu start-qemu -curses`.
For UEFI support, [the `ovmf` package](https://packages.debian.org/sid/ovmf) is installed, which can be utilized most easily by supplying `--bios /usr/share/ovmf/OVMF.fd`.